News

Samsung had most shipments of smartphones in Q1, beating Apple

2025/04/17 17:00

Samsung Electronics ranked number one in smartphone shipments for the first quarter of this year. According to Counterpoint Research Samsung's shipments amounted to 61 million units surpassing Apple's by 3 million units. In terms of market share Samsung also led with 20 percent slightly ahead of Apple's 19 percent. Pundits are linking this performance to the Galaxy S25 series.

U.S., Japan begin first official trade talks in test case for Trump's tariff negotiations

2025/04/17 17:00

Also in the U.S. this past Wednesday. Japanese trade delegates and their American counterparts met for talks on tariffs during which President Donald Trump made a surprise appearance. Park Jun-han covers these talks. The United States and Japan agreed to finalize a trade agreement as soon as possible during their Wednesday meeting in Washington. Japanese Economic Revitalization Minister Ryosei Akazawa said that while the U.S. was seeking to conclude the agreement within the 90-day suspension period for "reciprocal tariffs," Tokyo was approaching the talks with caution, and the future course of the negotiations remained uncertain. During the talks, Akazawa expressed deep regret over President Donald Trump's tariff measures, noting that Washington had already imposed 25% tariffs on steel and automobiles and is set to apply a 24% reciprocal tariff on Japanese goods. "For my part, I said that the United States' tariff measures are deeply regrettable, I explained Japan's position regarding the impact on Japanese investment and hiring, both in Japan and in the United States, and strongly requested that the U.S. review its series of tariff measures." After meeting the Japanese trade delegation, President Trump noted on his social media that it was a "great honor" and added "big progress." According to Kyodo News, Washington is believed to have demanded higher defense spending by Tokyo, or a larger share of the costs associated with maintaining U.S. military forces in Japan, as part of any tariff reduction agreement, even though the two parties did not reveal the specifics of their conversation. Akazawa explained that the two countries had agreed to reschedule the next round of talks to be held within April and to continue discussions at both the working and ministerial levels. Meanwhile, the U.S.-Japan talks were viewed as a reference point for South Korea ahead of Finance Minister Choi Sang-mok's visit to Washington next week. Park Jun-han, Arirang News

Fed chair warns of economic risks from Trump's tariffs

2025/04/17 17:00

Meanwhile in the U.S. The Federal Reserve has acknowledged the likelihood of higher consumer prices and lower growth prospects in the face of rampant U.S. tariffs on its trade partners. Park Kun-woo reports. Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell has warned that the Trump administration's recent tariff policies could pose risks to the U.S. economy. "The level of tariff increases announced so far is significantly larger than anticipated, and the same is likely to be true of the economic effects, which will include higher inflation and slower growth." Speaking at the Economic Club of Chicago on Wednesday, Powell said the tariffs are highly likely to cause "at least a temporary rise" in inflation, adding the impact could be more persistent. While the Fed aims to find a balance between keeping inflation at around 2 percent and maximizing employment, Powell said tariffs are leading the Fed to move away from those goals. "We will balance our maximum employment and price stability mandates, keeping in mind that without price stability, we cannot achieve the long periods of strong labor market conditions that benefit all Americans." However, Powell also said the central bank will remain patient, holding off on any policy changes until it has a better understanding of how the current trade policies play out. Following Powell's remarks, U.S. stocks tumbled on Wednesday. The tech-heavy Nasdaq dropped more than three percent, while the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average also fell. Also on Wednesday, gold prices soared, once even hitting an all-time-high of just over 3-thousand-3-hundred-57 dollars per ounce. Park Kun-woo, Arirang News.

S. Korea's foreign aid rose to record high in 2024

2025/04/17 17:00

Korea's official development assistance has hit a record high. New OECD figures show Korea provided 3-point-9-4 billion U.S. dollars in ODA last year UP almost 25 percent on year. The ratio of its contribution as compared to its Gross National Income also rose to an all-time high of 0-point-2 percent the highest since Korea became a donor country in 2010. Seoul boosted its aid in key areas such as humanitarian relief clean water and sanitation as well as transport and infrastructure. This assistance from Korea comes at a time when most advanced economies are cutting back. ODA from countries like Germany Japan and the UK saw notable declines bringing the total aid from 32 donor nations down by over 5 percent.

K-wave AI News

2025/04/17 14:00

Hello and welcome to your AI guide to the latest cultural updates from Korea. Here's our top story. Korea's oldest art market event, the 'Galleries Art Fair,' has officially kicked off at COEX in Seoul. Now in its 43rd edition, this year's fair brings together a record 168 galleries, the largest in the event's history. First launched in 1979 as the 'Korea Galleries Association Exhibition,' the fair has grown into a flagship event of Korea's spring art season and is widely regarded as a barometer that shows the current trends of the country's art market. Running through Sunday, the fair showcases a diverse array of works, including pieces by acclaimed artists from home and abroad, as well as bold, original creations by emerging talents. An exhibition exploring surrealism in Korea's modern art opened today at the Deoksugung branch of the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art. While surrealism has often been overlooked in Korean art history, this exhibition sheds light on six artists who resolutely pursued their own surrealist visions, unaffected by contemporary trends. Featured artists include Kim Jong-nam, who lived in Japan under the name Hideo Manabe, and Kim Uk-kyu, originally from the North, who fled to the South, leaving his family behind. The exhibition offers a rare glimpse into the inner worlds of artists profoundly shaped by Korea's colonial history, war, and division. Their works will be on display until July 6. Korea's web novel market saw a roughly 30% increase in size in just two years. According to a recent report from the Culture Ministry, the market was valued at 1.35 trillion won, or around 950 million U.S. dollars, last year, up over 310 billion won, or roughly 220 million dollars, from 2022. Web novels accounted for more than 45% of the total annual revenue from web fiction content, including webtoons. Regarding royalties, around 30% of web novel creators earn between one million and three million won per episode, while only 1% make over 100 million won. That's all from me. Keep it tuned to the Kulture Wave.

[Hallyu_People] Dutch YouTuber explores Seoul's 467 neighborhoods

2025/04/17 14:00

Seoul is the capital of South Korea, a city with a long history and rich culture. Seoul is divided into 25 districts known as “gu” and 467 neighborhoods known as “dong” such as Myeongdong, Insadong, and Seongsudong. Today, we will meet a Dutch YouTuber who has been exploring and documenting the unique sights and stories found in these Seoul neighborhoods from top to bottom. It’s Bart van Genugten, who’s running the channel “iGoBart”. Welcome Bart! 1) We heard you just recently came back from a trip? Why don’t we start with that? 2) You were traveling around the world and you ended up settling in one of the countries you visited, which is South Korea. What was the deciding factor for you to live here? 3) On your YouTube channel “iGoBart” you have a series called “Welcome to My Dong”. Please tell us about it and how it started. 4) (So, why did you choose to introduce all “dongs” and not “gus”?) In which neighborhoods of Seoul have you lived and what would you say describes those neighborhoods? 5) Any fun or memorable episodes while making any of the “Welcome to My Dong” videos? 6) Is there any “dong” you would say is underrated, or too unknown that you would like to mention? 7) Why is Seoul an appealing travel destination? 8) Once you have introduced all 467 neighborhoods, what’s your next plan? Thank you very much for sharing your story with us today Bart can't wait to check out all of your trips around Seoul and beyond. Thank you Bella as always, I'll see you back tomorrow.

[K-wave] Seoul Auction to feature works of independence activists

2025/04/17 14:00

Leading Korean art auction house, Seoul Auction is attracting attention for its spring auction featuring works of independence activists from the Japanese colonial era. There is greater meaning as this year marks the 80th anniversary of Korea's independence. Lee Eun-jin tells us more. Revered Korean independence activist of the Japanese colonial era Ahn Jung-geun. As a part of his previously unreleased collection of calligraphic work, left behind in the final days leading up to his execution, this piece titled "Nokjuk", or "Green Bamboo", is presumed to have been created in February of 1910. This piece is different from his usual vertical writing, while his signature handprint is also imprinted horizontally. Han Yong-woon was a Buddhist reformer, poet and independence activist, also known by his penname Manhae. This folding screen contains poetry of his that compares the path of Buddhist practice to the journey of a young monk to find his lost cow. It is a rare 10-panel masterpiece, showcasing Manhae's unique round handwriting. "Manhae believed in the people continuing towards the independence of our country during the Japanese occupation. And through this poem, he wanted to remind us that it is a destination that should not be forgotten." Seoul Auction's spring session will have a large number of such relics containing traces from the independence movement. In addition to the works of Ahn Jung-geun and Han Yong-woon, there will be the first edition of Yun Dong-ju's book of poems titled "Sky, Wind, Star and Poem", showing the passage of time in its worn out cover page, as well as documents like records of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. These items can range in value from tens to hundreds of thousands of U.S. dollars. Garnering greater interest due to this year marking the 80th anniversary of Korean independence, the relics will be shown in a free exhibition until April 21st, a day before the auction, on the 22nd. Lee Eunjin, Arirang News.

[K-enter] Rosé named as one of the most influential people of 2025

2025/04/17 14:00

Bella, today we start with some impressive news on BLACKPINK member Rosé. Rosé has been named on TIME magazine’s list of “The 100 Most Influential People of 2025.” On Wednesday, TIME magazine revealed the “2025 TIME 100,” an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world. Rosé, whom the magazine classified as a “pioneer,” was one of the 100 people to make this year’s list. TIME magazine’s guest contributor, actress Lily Collins, shared the reasons behind Rosé’s selection. She said that Rosé is a dynamic performer and songwriter, and is able to captivate arenas full of people both as a member of the biggest girl group in the world and also as a solo artist. Meanwhile, Rosé’s “APT.,” featuring Bruno Mars, continues to maintain its spot on Billboard Hot 100 for the 25th consecutive week. Another proof for K-pop artists' global influence. Back in 2019, listed among rising stars, BLACKPINK was part of "Time 100 Next". And now THIS milestone. Big congratulations to Rosé! Now on the other side of K-pop, the lawsuit between NewJeans and ADOR is still on-going. Please fill us in with the latest updates. On Wednesday, the Seoul Central District Court dismissed objections filed by NewJeans against an earlier ruling that banned the group from independent activities outside of the agency ADOR. Immediately after the court’s decision, NewJeans appealed, taking the legal battle between the two to the appeals court. The legal representatives of NewJeans said that they will continue to try their best to reveal fact relevance. To give a quick recap, NewJeans began pursuing independent activities in February after accusing ADOR of violating the terms of their exclusive contract. However, ADOR claimed that the contract with the group remains valid until July 2029. Earlier in March, the court accepted the injunction sought by ADOR, to prevent the five members from independently signing advertising contracts and pursuing separate music activities. In response, NewJeans filed an objection against the injunction, but the court rejected it during this Wednesday’s hearing, upholding its previous ruling. Now what’s left is the appeals court’s decision. Meanwhile, a separate trial is ongoing over ADOR’s lawsuit regarding the validity of its exclusive contract with NewJeans and the second hearing for that is set to take place on June 5th. Please keep us updated with the results. For our last story today, we are going to talk about a new Korean Netflix series? Korean Netflix series are doing amazing these days, not only in Korea, but globally, so it’s very exciting to hear that another series is about to be released. This time it’s a mystery romance series, “Dear Hongrang”. It’s from a novel of the same title by writer Jang Da-hye. The story follows a son, Hongrang, who returns after a decade-long disappearance with no memory of his childhood. His half-sister, Jae I, who has been close to him since childhood, seeks the truth behind his sudden disappearance. The new series stars Lee Jae-wook, Cho Bo-ah, Jung Ga-ram, and Uhm Ji-won. “Dear Hongrang” will premiere on Netflix on May 16th. Will add that to my list of things to watch on Netflix. Thank you Bella for today’s stories.

France to expel 12 Algerian diplomats

2025/04/17 10:00

The French government has announced the expulsion of 12 Algerian diplomatic staff, following Algeria's decision to expel 12 French diplomats. Thus comes after France arrested an Algerian consular official suspected of links to a kidnapping. On Wednesday local time, France's foreign affairs minister said France will expel 12 Algerian diplomatic and consular officials in France, and recalled its ambassador from Algiers for consultations. This move comes after Algeria decided to expel 12 French diplomats after France detained an Algerian consular agent linked to a kidnapping case. In 2024, an activist and influencer known as "Amir DZ," a critic of the Algerian government, was abducted near Paris and released the following day. French prosecutors have charged three Algerian nationals, including the consular official, with kidnapping and terrorist conspiracy.

UK Supreme Court says legal definition of 'woman' means biological female and excludes transgender people

2025/04/17 10:00

In the UK, the Supreme Court has made a landmark decision regarding the legal definition of a woman. According to the ruling, under the Equality Act 2010, woman refers exclusively to biological sex, excluding transgender people. The unanimous ruling on Wednesday, local time, stems from a legal challenge by the feminist advocacy group For Women Scotland against the Scottish government's inclusion of transgender women in a 2018 law that mandated 50% female representation on public boards. The Court ruled that the definition of woman should only include biological females. It said that interpreting the definition to include individuals based on gender identity would make the Equality Act inconsistent. However, the decision does not revoke existing protections against discrimination for transgender individuals. Women's rights groups lauded the ruling as a reaffirmation of sex-based rights while LGBTQ+ organizations expressed concern and disappointment.

Lee Jae-myung, BLACKPINK Rosé named among Time Magazine's 100 most influential people

2025/04/17 10:00

Time magazine has named South Korea's former Democratic Party leader Lee Jae-myung and BLACKPINK'S Rosé in its 100 most influential people of 2025. In the list, revealed on Wednesday, Lee was included in the "Leaders" category, along with U.S. President Donald Trump and UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer. Lee was described as the "clear favorite" to win the upcoming Presidential election. Rosé from K-pop girl group BLACKPINK was also named in the "Pioneers" category. She was recognized as a "dynamic performer and songwriter," praised for captivating massive audiences both as a soloist and a group.

Eight in for PPP's presidential nomination amid impeachment fallout; Seoul mayor becomes popular

2025/04/17 10:00

The contender list for the People Power Party has now been narrowed down to 8 from the initial 11. The PPP's race will be quite a competitive one, as only 4 of the 8 will make it to the second round. Our Kim Do-yeon has the details. After closing the registration for the presidential primary the People Power Party on Wednesday named eight contestants after cutting three of the registered but not well-known names for not being up to the public's expectations and standards. As expected the eight are Kim Moon-soo, the latest labor minister, five-term lawmaker Na Kyung-won, four-term lawmaker Ahn Cheol-soo, former lawmaker Yang Hyang-ja, Incheon mayor Yoo Jeong-bok, Gyeongsangbuk-do Province Governor Lee Cheol-woo, former PPP chair Han Dong-hoon, the latest Daegu mayor Hong Joon-pyo. The Chair of PPP's election committee emphasized that it'll manage a fair election. "As election committee chair, I will work with my team to ensure each candidate can freely present their vision in an open, energetic atmosphere. Through honest debate, we aim to select a candidate the people can truly trust to lead the nation." Without a clear front-runner, a fierce competition awaits the contestants but some touch of fun awaits as well to garner support from the young generations. This includes heart monitoring during debates, speed round questions, and self-introductions based on MBTIs. All in all, Hwang emphasized party unity amid what could be seen as an uphill battle an election after its former president was impeached. Harmony and unity are our core values. To win the public's trust, every candidate must unite, work together, and move forward as one team. Meanwhile, the eight contestants released their pledges and were doing media interviews on Wednesday. However, an unexpected key figure was in the spotlight. Seoul Mayor Oh Se-hoon who pulled out from the primaries became a popular person to meet. Starting with dinner with Hong Joon-pyo on Tuesday night, the Seoul Mayor met with Kim Moon-soo on Wednesday for breakfast, Na Kyung-won in the morning, and Ahn Cheol-soo for lunch. The candidates emphasized their visions aligned with the Mayor's which was focused on growth and helping "the weak" initially when he launched his campaign. This is largely seen as a message to Oh's supporters as he's not in the race anymore. Meanwhile, Han Dong-hoon visited Daegu on Wednesday. Daegu is a conservative stronghold with many eligible electors that account for 50 percent of the final votes. Meanwhile after a media day for the candidates on Thursday series of debates will be held through the weekend. Based on the debates, four will survive the cut-off for the next round starting April 22nd. Kim Do-yeon, Arirang News.

DP preliminary candidates pledge fair competition as party primary kicks off in Chungcheong-do Provinces

2025/04/17 10:00

The sprint to the liberal party ticket to the top office is officially in full swing now with the three contenders from the Democratic Party vowing to run a fair race in their first gathering on Wednesday. Our Shin Ha-young reports. As the Democratic Party kicks off its primary race for the 21st presidential election, its three preliminary candidates pledged to compete fairly and come together after the race. On Wednesday, former party leader Lee Jae-myung; Kim Kyung-soo, former Gyeongsangnam-do Province Governor; and Kim Dong-yeon, current Gyeonggi-do Province Governor, made their first joint appearance since registering for the primary. "For a better life for the people and a hopeful future, the DP and our candidate whoever that may be must win this election." "I hope this primary will be a chance to fully showcase the DP's experience and capabilities." "I will give my best through fierce competition and come together to bring real change, beyond just a change in government." Starting Wednesday, the party will run four primaries through April 27th: Chungcheong-do, Gyeongsang-do, Jeolla-do provinces, and the Seoul Metropolitan Area alongside Gangwon-do Province and Jeju. During the regional primaries, dues-paying party members and party delegates will cast their votes, which will account for 50 percent of the total in selecting the presidential candidate. On the last day in each region, the voting results will be announced. Public polls will be conducted for two days sometime between April 21st and 27th, and these will account for the remaining 50 percent. The final candidate will be confirmed on April 27th. All three candidates are focusing their policy visions on the economy. Lee Jae-myung's think tank officially launched on Wednesday, outlining a national vision that aims for 3 percent potential growth, becoming one of the world’s top four exporters, and creating a gross national income per capita of 50-thousand U.S. dollars by 2030. Kim Kyung-soo announced his economic policy focused on boosting the AI industry and promoting balanced regional growth, promising 100 trillion Korean won, around 70 billion dollars, in public-private investment over the next five years to secure AI leadership and drive industrial change. Kim Dong-yeon, meanwhile, has been emphasizing the so-called "Five Big Deals" to differentiate his economic policies, which includes focusing on balanced regional growth, climate change, and tax reform. Shin Ha-young, Arirang News.

S. Korean-led consortium wins initial phase of U.S. research reactor project

2025/04/17 10:00

A South Korean-led consortium has won a contract for the initial phase of a U.S. research reactor project. The consortium is made up of the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institution and Hyundai Engineering, as well as the U.S. nuclear power engineering firm MPR. According to the Ministry of Science and ICT, the consortium signed a deal with the University of Missouri to conduct the initial phase of the Next Generation University of Missouri Research Reactor project. With the deal, South Korea becomes the first country to reverse export technology in the field, 66 years after importing research reactors from the U.S. with TRIGA Mark-II in July 1959.

BOK holds interest rate steady at 2.75% in Apr.

2025/04/17 10:00

South Korea's central bank held its benchmark interest rate steady at 2-point-7-5 percent as widely expected. It announced the decision on Thursday following the third Monetary Policy Committee meeting of the year, taking a break from a rate-cutting cycle after a 25 basis points cut in February. Unstable exchange rates for the Korean won against the greenback amid trade and political uncertainties had fueled expectations for the rate freeze. Earlier this month, the exchange rate between the won and the U.S. dollar peaked at its highest in 16 years, before plummetting to its lowest for the year.

Japan begins tariff talks with U.S. on Wednesday

2025/04/17 10:00

Ahead of South Korea's turn for tariff talks with the U.S. scheduled for next week, Japan began its own negotiations with Washington on Wednesday, with a surprise attendance by Trump. Lee Seung-jae has more. Top trade officials from Japan arrived in Washington on Wednesday for tariff negotiations with their U.S. counterparts. Tokyo hopes to lower the reciprocal tariff rate of 24 percent, and receive tariff exemptions on steel and automobiles. Japanese economic revitalization minister Ryosei Akazawa, who's leading the talks for Tokyo,.. expressed optimism before, saying the two countries could have good negotiations that will lead to a win-win situation for both sides. U.S. President Donald Trump also joined in on the trade talks with Japanese officials. Trump took to his social media platform to announce that he would be joining Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent and Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick in discussing tariffs and trade. After the talks, Trump wrote on his social media page that it was a "great honor" to have met with the Japanese delegation, adding that there was "big progress" made during the talks. Trump's decision to get directly involved in the negotiations also comes as he hinted at a desire to cover issues, including the amount Japan pays towards the cost of stationing U.S. soldiers in Japan. Despite Bessent stressing that there's a "first mover advantage" with more than 75 countries requesting trade talks, Japanese Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba said earlier this week, that Tokyo won't rush to reach a deal, nor does it plan to make major concessions. With South Korea set to hold talks with the U.S. soon, all eyes are on Wednesday's trade talks between Washington and Tokyo, as they could be a litmus test of what's to come for upcoming negotiations. Lee Seung-jae, Arirang News.

Fed chair warns of economic risks from Trump's tariffs

2025/04/17 10:00

The Fed chief has voiced concerns and warnings of higher prices and weaker growth because of U.S. President Donald Trump's tariffs. But he did note the central bank will wait and see about future policy moves. Park Kun-woo has our top story. Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell has warned that the Trump administration's recent tariff policies could pose risks to the U.S. economy. "The level of tariff increases announced so far is significantly larger than anticipated, and the same is likely to be true of the economic effects, which will include higher inflation and slower growth." Speaking at the Economic Club of Chicago on Wednesday, Powell said the tariffs are highly likely to cause "at least a temporary rise" in inflation, adding the impact could be more persistent. While the Fed aims to find a balance between keeping inflation at around 2 percent and maximizing employment, Powell said tariffs are leading the Fed to move away from those goals. "We will balance our maximum employment and price stability mandates, keeping in mind that without price stability, we cannot achieve the long periods of strong labor market conditions that benefit all Americans." However, Powell also said the central bank will remain patient, holding off on any policy changes until it has a better understanding of how the current trade policies play out. Following Powell's remarks, U.S. stocks tumbled on Wednesday. The tech-heavy Nasdaq dropped more than three percent, while the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average also fell by several hundred points. Also on Wednesday, gold prices soared, once even hitting an all-time-high of 3-thousand-3-hundred-50 dollars per ounce. Park Kun-woo, Arirang News.

[Weather] Hot, windy and sunny nationwide

2025/04/17 10:00

We had a warm start to the day. Morning temperatures were nearly 10 degrees Celsius higher in the capital, and this warmth will linger through the afternoon. Temperature gaps will be wide for inland regions, Chuncheon will have gaps of over 15 degrees Celsius within a few hours. So get ready to feel quite warm, even a little hot for some of us, this afternoon. Daejeon could have a taste of summer with temperatures climbing all the way to 27 degrees Celsius. Seoul gets up to 24 degrees, Daegu at 25 degrees, under mostly sunny skies with good air quality nationwide all day today. It's going to be another windy day, with a wind advisory in place for Jeju Island. We have a rainy weekend ahead again. Rain that starts on Saturday morning in northern regions will spread to most of the country, continuing into Sunday morning. Take the weather into account and plan accordingly for your weekend.

Scientists may have discovered an unusual planet, just like Luke Skywalker’s home

2025/04/17 10:00

Finally, astronomers have identified a new planet, located approximately 120 light-years from Earth, that resembles Tatooine, the home planet of Luke Skywalker in the Star Wars movie. The planet appears to orbit a pair of brown dwarfs, or what experts call "failed stars" that are too small to shine like the Sun. What makes this planet special is that it moves in a completely different direction from how the two stars orbit each other, referred to as a "polar orbit." Although the planet was not directly seen, scientists spotted its presence by watching the movement of the stars. The author of the study, an astronomer from the University of Birmingham, said, "There aren't many very young planetary systems like this." This research was published in the journal Science Advances on April 16.

Putin meets in Kremlin with three hostages released by Hamas, thanks group's leadership

2025/04/17 10:00

Russian President Vladimir Putin on Wednesday met with three former hostages held by Hamas, who were released in late 2023 and February of this year. Speaking to Alexander Trufanov, who had been held by Hamas in Gaza for 498 days, Putin pledged to continue efforts to secure the release of remaining hostages. Putin also acknowledged "years of stable relations" with Palestinian representatives as pivotal in facilitating the release of the hostages, and extended gratitude to Hamas for what he termed a "humanitarian act." Trufanov, whose father was killed during the October 2023 Hamas attack, appealed to Putin to persist in efforts to free others still in captivity.